ترجمه سیاسی- متن هفتم

Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement is a group of states which are notformally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movementhas 120 members and 17 observer countries.

The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and waslargely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Burma'sfirst Prime Minister U Nu; Indonesia's first president, Sukao; Egypt's secondpresident, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; andYugoslavia’s president, Josip Broz Tito. All six leaders were prominentadvocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between theWeste and Easte blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used torepresent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at theUnited Nations.

In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979,Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization is to ensure "thenational independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security ofnon-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism,colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation,domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and blocpolitics”. The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearlytwo-thirds of the Nation’s members and contain 55% of the world population.Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to bedeveloping or part of the Third World.

Members have at times included the Yugoslavia, Argentina,Namibia, Cyprus, and Malta. While many of the Non-Aligned Movement's memberswere actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers,the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some memberswere involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g., India andPakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own intealcontradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While theSoviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement(particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt tothwart the Cold War, it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold Warended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership wassuspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held inNew York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of theUnited Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some haveobserver status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined theEuropean Union. Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe.Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. Theapplications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and1998, respectively.

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to31 August 2012. According to Mehr News agency, representatives from over 150countries were scheduled to attend. Attendance at the highest level includes 27presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys. At the summit, Iran took over fromEgypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.