ترجمه سیاسی- متن نهم

DEFINITION OF PARTY SYSTEM

A political party has been defined as an organized body of people who stand for certain principles and policies in political life of the country, by whose co – operation they seek to promote the interest of the country as a whole.

Representative government and representative institution require the existence of political parties. Parties provide link between the citizens and government, and between electorate and the representative institutions. Polities parties can be classified into four groups according to their aims, policies and the method adopted by them to achieve their goals. They are,

1. Conservatives

2. Liberals

3. Reactionaries

4. Radicals

Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. Conservatives seek to preserve institutions like the Church, monarchy and the social hierarchy, as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were.

Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Whereas classical liberalism emphasizes the role of liberty, social stresses the importance of equality.[4] Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as speech, freedom, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality, and international cooperation.

A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society. As an adjective, the word reactionary describes points of view and policies meant to restore the status quo ante.

Radicalism denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways. The denotation of radical has changed since its eighteenth-century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum—yet retains the "change at the root" cootation fundamental to revolutionary societal change.

Apart from this, there are also leftists and rightists. Parties which opt for radical changes and for the introduction of radical legislations are called leftists and those which are desirous of slow, steady and smooth changes regarded as rightists, sometimes even within the same parties there are two wings rightists and leftists.

For example, in Communist Party of India, there are two groups namely the Communist Party of India (Leftists) and Communist Party of India (Rightists).