ترجمه سیاسی- متن نهم

DEFINITION OF PARTY SYSTEM

A political party has been definedas an organized body of people who stand for certain principles and policies inpolitical life of the country, by whose co – operation they seek to promote theinterest of the country as a whole.

Representative govement andrepresentative institution require the existence of political parties. Partiesprovide link between the citizens and govement, and between electorate andthe representative institutions. Polities parties can be classified into fourgroups according to their aims, policies and the method adopted by them toachieve their goals. They are,

1. Conservatives

2. Liberals

3. Reactionaries

4. Radicals

Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retainingtraditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.Conservatives seek to preserve institutions like the Church, monarchy and thesocial hierarchy, as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, whileothers, called reactionaries, oppose modeism and seek a retu to "theway things were.

Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of libertyand equality. Whereas classical liberalism emphasizes the role of liberty,social stresses the importance of equality.[4] Liberals espouse a wide array ofviews depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally theysupport ideas and programmes such as speech, freedom, freedom of religion, freemarkets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular govements, genderequality, and inteational cooperation.

A reactionary is a person whoholds political views that favor a retu to the status, the previous politicalstate of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline,respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporarystatus quo of a society. As an adjective, the word reactionary describes pointsof view and policies meant to restore the status quo ante.

Radicalism denotes political principles focused on altering social structuresthrough revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways. Thedenotation of radical has changed since its eighteenth-century coinage tocomprehend the entire political spectrum—yet retains the "change at theroot" connotation fundamental to revolutionary societal change.

Apart from this, there are alsoleftists and rightists. Parties which opt for radical changes and for theintroduction of radical legislations are called leftists and those which aredesirous of slow, steady and smooth changes regarded as rightists, sometimeseven within the same parties there are two wings rightists and leftists.

For example, in Communist Party ofIndia, there are two groups namely the Communist Party of India (Leftists) andCommunist Party of India (Rightists).