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Nationalism

Nationalism is a belief, creed orpolitical ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becomingattached to, one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related constructof patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviors that support astate's decisions and actions.

From a psychological perspective, nationalism(national attachment) is distinct from other types of attachment, for example,attachment to a religion or a romantic partner. The desire for interpersonalattachment, or the need to belong, is one of the most fundamental humanmotivations. Like any attachment, nationalism can become dysfunctional ifexcessively applied.

From a political or sociologicalperspective, there are two main perspectives on the origins and basis ofnationalism. One is the primordialist perspectivethat describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceivedevolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on anaffinity of birth. The other is the modeist perspective that describes nationalism asa recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of mode societyin order to exist.

There are various definitions for whatconstitutes a nation, however, which leads to several different strands ofnationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limitedto one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationalityin a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercisenational identity even by minorities.

The adoption of national identity interms of historical development has commonly been the result of a response byinfluential groups unsatisfied with traditional identities due to inconsistencybetween their defined social order and the experience of that social order byits members, resulting in a situation of anomie that nationalists seek to resolve. Thisanomie results in a society or societies reinterpreting identity, retainingelements that are deemed acceptable and removing elements deemed unacceptable,in order to create a unified community. This development may be the result ofinteal structural issues or the result of resentment by an existing group orgroups towards other communities, especially foreign powers that are or aredeemed to be controlling them.