ترجمه متون سیاسی، متن چهارم

Treaty

A treaty is an agreement under inteational law entered into byactors in inteational law, namely sovereign states and inteationalorganizations.¹ Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: bothare means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a partyto either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable underinteational law.² A treaty may also be known as an agreement,protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters.³

Bilateraland multilateral treaties

Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities.⁴It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties;consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and theEuropean Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Areaagreement.⁵ Each of these treaties has seventeen parties.⁶These however are still bilateral.⁷ The parties are divided into twogroups, the Swiss ("on the one part") and the EU and its member states("on the other part").⁸ The treaty establishes rights andobligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally; itdoes not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its memberstates.⁹

A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries.¹⁰The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and everyother party.¹¹ Multilateral treaties are often regional.¹²Treaties of "mutual guarantee" are inteational compacts, e.g., theTreaty of Locao which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.¹³

Protocols

In inteational law and inteational relations, a protocol isgenerally a treaty or inteational agreement that supplements a previoustreaty or inteational agreement.¹⁴ A protocol can amend theprevious treaty, or add additional provisions.¹⁵ Parties to theearlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol.¹⁶Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol",especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support theprotocol.¹⁷

Forexample the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emissionlimits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions andregulations later agreed upon.¹⁸

چند نکته:

1. در جملة اول با توجه بهبافت متن در برابر in معادلی به غیر از «در»ارائه دهید.

2. به نظر شما در جملة دوم چهمعادلی برای loosely مناسب است؟

3. Conclude در جملة چهارم به معنای نتیجهگیری نیست.

4. در جملة هفتم مرجع these را مشخص کنید و از انتخابمعادلهایی مانند اینها و آنها بپرهیزید.

5. در جملة نهم ابتدا معنای severally را در چندفرهنگ معتبر جستجو نمائید و سپس با توجه به متن معادل مناسبی برگزینید.

6. به نظر شما در جملة سیزدهمتوضیحی فراتر از آنچه در متن آمده برای Treaty of Locao لازم است یاخیر؟

7. با توجه به اطلاعاتی که ازاین متن به دست آوردهاید مشخص کنید پیمانهای زیر دوجانبهاند یا چندجانبه؟

1975 Algiers Agreement

Treaty of Versailles

JAMBA Agreement

CENTO Agreement