ترجمه متون سیاسی، متن چهارم

Treaty

A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations.¹ Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.² A treaty may also be known as an agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters.³

Bilateral and multilateral treaties

Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities.⁴ It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement.⁵ Each of these treaties has seventeen parties.⁶ These however are still bilateral.⁷ The parties are divided into two groups, the Swiss ("on the one part") and the EU and its member states ("on the other part").⁸ The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally; it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states.⁹

A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries.¹⁰ The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party.¹¹ Multilateral treaties are often regional.¹² Treaties of "mutual guarantee" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.¹³

Protocols

In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement.¹⁴ A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions.¹⁵ Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol.¹⁶ Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol.¹⁷

For example the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits, while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon.¹⁸

چند نکته:

1. در جملة اول با توجه به بافت متن در برابر in معادلی به غیر از «در» ارائه دهید.

2. به نظر شما در جملة دوم چه معادلی برای loosely مناسب است؟

3. Conclude در جملة چهارم به معنای نتیجه گیری نیست.

4. در جملة هفتم مرجع these را مشخص کنید و از انتخاب معادلهایی مانند اینها و آنها بپرهیزید.

5. در جملة نهم ابتدا معنای severally را در چند فرهنگ معتبر جستجو نمائید و سپس با توجه به متن معادل مناسبی برگزینید.

6. به نظر شما در جملة سیزدهم توضیحی فراتر از آنچه در متن آمده برای Treaty of Locarno لازم است یا خیر؟

7. با توجه به اطلاعاتی که از این متن به دست آوردهاید مشخص کنید پیمانهای زیر دوجانبهاند یا چندجانبه؟

1975 Algiers Agreement

Treaty of Versailles

JAMBA Agreement

CENTO Agreement