ترجمه سیاسی، متن سوم

Democracy

In the dictionary definition, democracy “is government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.”¹

In the words of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”² There is no clear – cut, universal definition of democracy.³ Most definitions of democracy focus on qualities, procedures, and institutions.⁴ There are many types of democracy and their varied practices produce similarly varied effects.⁵

Democracy comes from the Greek words demos meaning ‘People’ and kratos meaning ‘authority’ or ‘power.’⁶

The word democracy itself means rule by the people.⁷ A democracy is a system where people can change their rulers in a peaceful manner and the government is given the right to rule because the people say it may.⁸

Prerequisites of Democracy

With an upsurge in the number of democracies holding free and fair elections and declaring themselves democratic states, some theorists have developed a set of minimum requirements.⁹Elections on their own do not make a country democratic.¹⁰ The following list of minimum requirements has been extracted by a study of democracies and by reading various theories of democracy.¹¹ It provides both a good overview of what democracy means and a standard against which to test whether or not a country is democratic.¹²

1. Control over government decisions about policy constitutionally vested in elected representatives.¹³

2. Elected representatives chosen in frequent and fair elections.¹⁴

3. Elected representatives exercise their constitutional powers.¹⁵

4. All adults have the right to vote in elections.¹⁶

5. All adults have the right to run for public office.¹⁷

6. Citizens have the right to express themselves on political matters, defined broadly, without the risk of state punishment.¹⁸

7. Citizens have the right to seek out alternative sources of information, such as the news media, and such sources are protected by law.¹⁹

8. Citizens have the right to form independent associations and organizations, including independent political parties and interest groups.²⁰

9. Government is autonomous and able to act independently from outside constraints (such as those imposed by alliances and blocs).²¹

If any of those conditions is not present, political scientists argue that the country is not truly a democracy.²²

Democratic Society

Democracy is more than a set of constitutional rules and procedures that determine how a government functions.²³ In a democracy, government is only one element coexisting in a social fabric of many and varied institutions, political parties, organizations, and associations.²⁴This diversity is called pluralism, and it assumes that the many organized groups and institutions in a democratic society do not depend upon government for their existence, legitimacy, or authority.²⁵  

پیش از ترجمة متن به این نکات توجه کنید:

1.     از نثر محاوره‌ای و صورت شکستۀ فعل استفاده نکنید.

2.     پاراگراف بندی را مانند متن اصلی رعایت نمایید.

3.     مرجع agent در جملة اول کدام واژه است؟

4.     برای ترکیب  clear – cutدر جملة دوم چه معادلی را بر می‌گزینید؟

5.     باتوجه به بافت جملة چهارم، معادل پیشنهادی شما برایinstitutions چیست؟

6.      در ترجمة جملة ششم چگونه یونانی بودن واژه‌های demos و kratos را منعکس می‌نمایید؟

7.     مرجع it در انتهای جملة هشتم را مشخص کنید.

8.     مرجع it در ابتدای جملة دوازدهم چیست؟

9.     برای ترجمة against در جملة دوازدهم به بافت جمله دقت کنید و از انتخاب معادل‌هایی مانند «در برابر» بپرهیزید.

10. پیش از ترجمة جملة هفدهم معنای run for را در یک فرهنگ معتبر جستجو کنید.

11.  معادل پیشنهادی شما برای ترکیب interest groups در انتهای جملة بیستم چیست؟

12.  پیش از ترجمة ترکیب social fabric در جملة بیست و چهارم، معنای آن را در یک فرهنگ معتبر جستجو کنید.

13. برای انتخاب معادل مناسبی برای اصطلاح pluralism، اطمینان حاصل نمایید معنای آن را به درستی درک نموده‌اید.