ترجمه سیاسی، متن سوم

Democracy

Inthe dictionary definition, democracy “is govement by the people in which thesupreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or bytheir elected agents under a free electoral system.”¹

Inthe words of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a govement “of the people, by thepeople, and for the people.”² There is no clear – cut, universaldefinition of democracy.³ Most definitions of democracy focus onqualities, procedures, and institutions.⁴ There are many types ofdemocracy and their varied practices produce similarly varied effects.⁵

Democracycomes from the Greek words demos meaning ‘People’ and kratos meaning‘authority’ or ‘power.’⁶

Theword democracy itself means rule by the people.⁷ A democracy is asystem where people can change their rulers in a peaceful manner and thegovement is given the right to rule because the people say it may.⁸

Prerequisites of Democracy

With an upsurge in the number ofdemocracies holding free and fair elections and declaring themselves democraticstates, some theorists have developed a set of minimum requirements.⁹Elections on their own do not make a country democratic.¹⁰ Thefollowing list of minimum requirements has been extracted by a study ofdemocracies and by reading various theories of democracy.¹¹ Itprovides both a good overview of what democracy means and a standard againstwhich to test whether or not a country is democratic.¹²

1. Control over govementdecisions about policy constitutionally vested in elected representatives.¹³

2. Elected representatives chosenin frequent and fair elections.¹⁴

3. Elected representativesexercise their constitutional powers.¹⁵

4. All adults have the right tovote in elections.¹⁶

5. All adults have the right torun for public office.¹⁷

6. Citizens have the right toexpress themselves on political matters, defined broadly, without the risk ofstate punishment.¹⁸

7. Citizens have the right toseek out alteative sources of information, such as the news media, and suchsources are protected by law.¹⁹

8. Citizens have the right toform independent associations and organizations, including independentpolitical parties and interest groups.²⁰

9. Govement is autonomous andable to act independently from outside constraints (such as those imposed byalliances and blocs).²¹

If any of those conditions is notpresent, political scientists argue that the country is not truly a democracy.²²

Democratic Society

Democracy is more than a set of constitutional rules andprocedures that determine how a govement functions.²³ In ademocracy, govement is only one element coexisting in a social fabric of manyand varied institutions, political parties, organizations, and associations.²⁴This diversity is called pluralism, and it assumes that the many organizedgroups and institutions in a democratic society do not depend upon govementfor their existence, legitimacy, or authority.²⁵

پیش از ترجمة متن به این نکاتتوجه کنید:

1. از نثر محاورهای و صورت شکستۀ فعل استفادهنکنید.

2. پاراگراف بندی را مانند متن اصلی رعایت نمایید.

3. مرجع agent در جملة اول کدام واژه است؟

4. برای ترکیب clear– cutدرجملة دوم چه معادلی را بر میگزینید؟

5. باتوجه به بافت جملة چهارم، معادل پیشنهادی شما برایinstitutions چیست؟

6. در ترجمة جملة ششم چگونه یونانی بودن واژههای demos و kratos را منعکس مینمایید؟

7. مرجع it در انتهای جملة هشتم را مشخص کنید.

8. مرجع it در ابتدای جملة دوازدهم چیست؟

9. برای ترجمة against در جملةدوازدهم به بافت جمله دقت کنید و از انتخاب معادلهایی مانند «در برابر» بپرهیزید.

10. پیش از ترجمة جملة هفدهم معنای runfor را در یک فرهنگ معتبرجستجو کنید.

11. معادل پیشنهادی شما برای ترکیب interestgroups در انتهای جملة بیستمچیست؟

12. پیش ازترجمة ترکیب social fabric در جملة بیست و چهارم،معنای آن را در یک فرهنگ معتبر جستجو کنید.

13. برای انتخاب معادل مناسبی برای اصطلاح pluralism، اطمینان حاصل نمایید معنای آن را به درستیدرک نمودهاید.