ترجمه متون سیاسی-متن دوم

Civil rights

Civil and political rights are a classof rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by govementsand private organizations, and ensure one's ability to participate in the civiland political life of the state without discrimination or repression.

Civil rights include the ensuring ofpeoples' physical and mental integrity, life and safety; protection fromdiscrimination on grounds such as race, gender, national origin, color, sexualorientation, ethnicity, religion, or disability; and individual rights such asprivacy, the freedoms of thought and conscience, speech and expression,religion, the press, assembly and movement.

Political rights include natural justice(procedural faiess) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including theright to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legalremedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such asfreedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the rightof self-defense, and the right to vote.

Civil and political rights form theoriginal and main part of inteational human rights. They comprise the firstportion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic,social and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of threegenerations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generationrights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them tobe generally negative rights.