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Treaty

A treaty isan agreement under inteational law entered into by actors in inteationallaw, namely sovereign states and inteational organizations. Treaties can beloosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assumingobligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up totheir obligations can be held liable under inteational law. A treaty may alsobe known as an agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange ofletters.

Bilateraland multilateral treaties

Bilateraltreaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however,for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance thebilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) followingthe Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement. Each of thesetreaties has seventeen parties. These however are still bilateral. The partiesare divided into two groups, the Swiss ("on the one part") and the EUand its member states ("on the other part"). The treaty establishesrights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member statesseverally--it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU andits member states.

Amultilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreementestablishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party.Multilateral treaties are often regional. Treaties of "mutualguarantee" are inteational compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locao whichguarantees each signatory against attack from another.

Protocols

Ininteational law and inteational relations, a protocol is generally a treatyor inteational agreement that supplements a previous treaty or inteationalagreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additionalprovisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt theprotocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optionalprotocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do notsupport the protocol.

For examplethe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) establisheda framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits,while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulationslater agreed upon.

What do youknow about these agreements?

1975 AlgiersAgreement

Treaty ofVersailles

JAMBAAgreement

CENTOAgreement